Justia Contracts Opinion Summaries

In a loan-and-supply contract, plaintiff agreed to provide defendant with a $150,000 loan that would be gradually forgiven over five years as defendant purchased specified quantities of motor-oil products from plaintiff. The typewritten contract included a handwritten note stating that the "Agreement will terminate after 225,000 gallons and 225,000 filters of Exxon/Mobil is purchased or 60 months, whichever comes first." Defendant stopped buying products from plaintiff after only two years, having purchased only 55,296 gallons and 61,551 filters. The district court entered summary judgment for plaintiff. The Seventh Circuit affirmed, rejecting an argument that the handwritten provision relieved plaintiff of any liability after 60 months (after July 1, 2008) regardless of the amount of product it purchased.

A successful Ford dealership in Iowa offered to assist struggling Middleton, Wisconsin dealership. The parties agreed that Iowa's general manager would provide management services to Middleton with compensation to begin after he turned Middleton profitable and also that Iowa would provide capital in exchange for an ownership interest. Negotiations continued after the manager started working at Middleton, but the parties never reached a more specific agreement. The relationship broke down after 11 months because Iowa failed to come forward with the expected cash. Still not earning a profit, Middleton did not pay for the manager's services. After a remand, the district court again entered judgment for Iowa, finding that Middleton became profitable during the manager's tenure and fired him before he had a fair opportunity to restore profitability. The Seventh Circuit reversed, stating that the factual findings were inconsistent and clearly erroneous. Iowa is not entitled to quasi-contractual compensation for services under either quantum meruit or unjust enrichment.

The company terminated plaintiff's employment in 2008 because he failed to meet his sales quota. A suit for unpaid wages under Wisconsin's wage-claim statute, alternatively seeking recovery under equitable contract doctrines, was rejected and the district court denied leave to amend. The Seventh Circuit affirmed. Although plaintiff was an at-will employee, his commission-based compensation was the subject of an express contract, which, under Wisconsin law, precludes quasi-contractual relief. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend because the motion came unjustifiably late.

In attempting to enroll his infant daughter, a covered employee failed to complete parts of the form indicating whether the child resided with employee, was dependent upon employee for more than 50 percent support and maintenance, and whether the child qualified to be claimed as a tax exemption on employee's federal tax return. The plan made several inquiries before sending a notice that coverage was denied. The employee did not appeal. The plan sued under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act , 29 U.S.C. 1001, to recover $472,357.84 paid to the medical college and $1,199,538.58 paid to the hospital on behalf of the child. The district court dismissed. The Seventh Circuit affirmed dismissal of the ERISA claim. The plan reserves the right to recover against "covered persons" if it has paid them or any other party on their behalf. Neither the treating entities nor the child are covered persons. Because the plan is not implicated, state law claims were not preempted; the court reversed dismissal of those claims. Plaintiffs' position was not unreasonable; the district court abused its discretion in awarding attorney fees.

In 2004 HD contracted with plaintiff, to develop an inventory classification system, called a taxonomy,for HDâs database. Plaintiff would own the intellectual-property rights and would license HD to use it at no-cost as long as plaintiff remained HD's data-pool vendor and HD continued paying for services. In 2008 HD began to develop an in-house database, incorporating the taxonomy that plaintiff had created. Plaintiff learned of the plan and registered a copyright. HD sent notice terminating the relationship, with a check for $100,000 to purchase a perpetual license, pursuant to the contract. HD notified suppliers to transmit their product data to its in-house system rather than to plaintiff, which returned the check and filed suit. The district judge dismissed. The Seventh Circuit affirmed, concluding that HD did not violate copyright law and that the case did not belong in federal court. HD acted in accordance with its contract rights.

In 2000 the conservancy purchased property, but allowed the farmer to remain as a tenant through 2003. The farmer/seller was required to perform removal of specified substances and warranted that there were no undisclosed underground tanks. The conservancy withheld funds pending clean-up. In 2006 the conservancy sued for breach of the warranty and failure to complete the clean-up. The district court allowed the conservancy to amend and claim damages with respect to newly-discovered contamination and entered judgment in favor of the conservancy. The Seventh Circuit affirmed. The claim is within the Illinois 10-year limitations period for actions and written contracts; the doctrine of laches does not apply.

Defendant manufactures medical goods and has distributors all over the U.S., including plaintiffs, which had exclusive distributorship agreements. When defendant terminated the agreements, plaintiffs were forced to shut down their businesses and sued for breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation, and negligent misrepresentation. The district court dismissed a negligent misrepresentation claim. A jury returned a verdict against defendant on remaining claims, awarding actual and punitive damages. The magistrate set aside the punitive damages awards. The Seventh Circuit vacated the awards of lost profits as not allowed by the contract and affirmed the decision to set aside punitive damages, but affirmed verdicts against defendant on intentional misrepresentation and negligent misrepresentation. The court vacated awards of actual damages, as supported by insufficient evidence.

After plaintiff filed suit in state court, Inc., alleging overbillings in excess of $100,000, defendant removed to federal court. The parties are of diverse citizenship. More than a year and a half after the lawsuit commenced, plaintiff produced a document showing that its damages were actually less than $40,000. Defendant waited 10 months, until after an unsuccessful settlement conference, to move for remand and attorney's fees and costs (28 U.S.C. 1447(c) and 1927). The district court remanded to state court without an award of fees. The Seventh Circuit affirmed. The district court acted within its discretion in taking defendant's delay into account in denying an award.

The Union claimed that the company breached the operative collective bargaining agreement by closing a manufacturing plants, after it had secured various concessions from the Union and sought damages and specific performance under section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. 185. The district court entered judgment for the company. The Seventh Circuit affirmed, holding that the concessions did not require the Paris facility to be kept open beyond the expiration of the bargaining agreement. Although the "mid-term" agreement, containing the concessions, did not have an expiration date, it would not be reasonable to read it as requiring that the plant be kept open indefinitely.

A developer was required to make public improvements to be turned over to the city and, in 2006, obtained bonds to ensure performance, as required by ordinance. Work began, but the subdivision failed and subcontractors filed mechanics' liens. The developer notified the city that three foreclosures were pending and recommended that it redeem the bonds. The insurer refused to pay. The city did not follow up, but a subcontractor sued, purporting to bring its case in the name of the city for its own benefit. The subcontractor contends that it should be paid out of the proceeds of the bonds. The case was removed to federal court. The district court dismissed, finding that the subcontractor did not have standing to assert claims on the bonds because it was not a third-party beneficiary to the bonds. The Seventh Circuit affirmed, based on the language of the contract.